Genetic Control of Neuronal Migrations in Human Cortical Development (Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology)

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The early steps in corticogenesis are decisive for the correct unfolding of neurogenesis, neuronal migration and differentiation under tight genetic control. In this monograph, the author outlines the main events in human preplate formation according to their timetable of appearance and the expression of developmentally relevant gene products. Also examined are the gradual transformation of the preplate into the cortical plate, and the establishment of the transient compartments of the foetal cortical wall.

Genetic Control of Neuronal Migrations in Human Cortical Development (Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology) Review

In this review of "Genetic Control of Neuronal Migration in Human Cortical Development," I will both assess the contents of the book along with summarizing its contents.

G. Meyer created a thorough collection of the current knowledge of corticogenesis at the time of print. With detailed references, figures and a logical flow, this book helps an individual understand the complexities of the formation of the cortex, not only through an anatomic timeline, but along with the effects of known signaling pathways and brain formation disorders.

REVIEW OF THE BOOK

The book is divided into 11 sections, not including the references, and has figures sprinkled throughout. After an introduction to the subject, along with a description of basic materials and methods, G. Meyer leads the reader into understanding the complex anatomy formation of the human cortical development. The book then continues to delve into the complexities of neuronal migration followed by cortical wall development. After the physical product of corticogenesis has been described, the book then turns to the signaling pathways that have been studied through this process. The Reelin-Dab1 signaling pathway is fully investigated, along with its effects of the Cajal-Retzius cells and various locations of the cortex. The Cdk5/p35 pathway is also highlighted due to its interactions with neuronal migration and the Reelin-Dab1 signaling. LIS1 and DCX genes are also explored, and the book helps explain how these genes are partially responsible for neuronal migration and cortical folding. As those genes affect cortical folding, the topic of Lissencephaly, or `smooth brain,' is discussed. The book is ended by a comparison of rodent, primate, and human corticogenesis. While the book always stated what species corticogenesis was being studied to give certain results, this allows the readers to understand that certain information, such as the preplate wall found solely in human corticogenesis, is not as comprehensively understood due to the ethical concerns of studying it can raise.

G. Meyer compiled several references; in fact nearly a third of the book is references, to create a comprehensive look at corticogenesis. The book is written so that a person with scientific background could read and understand it. Also due to the wealth of knowledge, and the concise manner of writing, nearly every sentence gives the reader a needed piece of information.

Neuronal Migration
One topic that was covered extensively in this book is neuronal migration. Of neuronal migration, three major topics were covered, radial migration, tangential migration, and the kinetics of neuronal migration. Below is some information that can be found in the book, but the information below is just an overview of what is included in the book itself.

Radial Migration
Glutamatergic pyramidal cells, created in the ventricular zone, are projection neurons that express Emx1 and Trb1, that migrate radially towards the cortical plate. This stage of migration occurs during the early stages of corticogenesis. Neurons created earlier migrate toward the pial surface and have long radially oriented process that ends of the pial surface. They also move in a continuous fashion making their migration fast. This radial migration can be divided into four subsections: classic interkinetic nuclear migration, using a multipolar shape, moving back into the ventricular zone, and reversing polarity to migrate.

Tangential Migration
Cortical interneurons, which in rodents and ferrets originate in ganglionic eminences, migrate tangentially towards the cortex. The interneurons migrate by various different pathways. Two examples of such are the subventricular zone and the subplate. One type of interneuron is the GABAergic interneurons, that are widely varied both morphologically and neurochemical diversity. Despite knowing where the migration starts and end, the guidance substrate of this particular mode of migration is not yet know based on the publication date.

Neuronal Migration Kinetics
Though there are various ways for neurons to migrate, the process of migration is highly complex and regulated. Some basic ways of migration are used for both radially and tangentially migrating neurons. Of any migration, there are three events that must happen. The first is the extension of a leading process. The second step is nucleokinesis, or the displacement of the nucleus. The final step is the retraction of the rear end of the neuron. During the first step, the neuron will polarize, and prior to the beginning of nucleokinesis dilation of the leading process occurs. Throughout the process of
migration, the cytoskeleton is very active.

PERSONAL RECOMMENDATION

My opinion of the book is that while G. Meyer compiled the knowledge of corticogenesis very concisely and in depth, it is a difficult read. Due to the concise manner, only small segments of the book can be digested at one time in order to understand and absorb the knowledge presented. If an individual is looking for just an overview of the topic, this is not the book for them. For anyone of a science background, reading this book will allow them to gain knowledge about the process of corticogenesis in a detailed manner. Figures are present throughout the book, to allow for a visual representation of the knowledge presented and does not distract the reader from the material. The references found in the book will also allow for an individual to find those resources that have given G. Meyer the information that was written about. By using the references as additional sources, an individual can use this book to gather a comprehensive overview of corticogenesis, and then use the resources cited to further their research in areas that are of interest to them.

One of my favorite aspects of the book was how G. Meyer put in little notes to direct the reader to a future segment of the book if the topic was brought up but had not yet been covered. This gave me a little relief, that if I did not know what the topic was I could either jump ahead and read that section, or know that at a later time my questions would be answered.

I would highly recommend this book to someone with previous experience in reading scientific work. This book helps explain the cortical development of humans, a process that occurs throughout the gestational weeks and thought to continue even after birth.

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