Succession Between Internl Organ (A Publication of the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva)

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First Published in 1993

Succession Between Internl Organ (A Publication of the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva) Review

the book I had ordered was delivered in excellent condition and in time

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Suicide and Society in India (Routledge/Asian Studies Association of Australia (ASAA) South Asian Series)

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In India about 123,000 people take their own lives each year, the second highest total in the world. There is a suicide death in India almost every 4 minutes, and it is the leading cause of death for rural Indians especially women in early adulthood. This book presents a comprehensive analysis of suicide in India based on original research as well as existing studies, and looks at the issue in an international, sociological and historical context.

The author looks at the reliability of suicide data in India, and goes on to discuss various factors relating to suicide, including age, gender, education and marriage. Among its findings, the book exposes a hidden youth suicide � �crisis’ in India which is argued to be far more serious than the better known crisis of farmer suicides. The book dispels many myths that are commonly associated with suicide, and highlights a neglected public health problem. Suicide in the region of Pondicherry is looked at in detail, as well as in the Indian Diaspora. This book is a useful contribution to South Asian Studies, as well as studies in Mental Health and Sociology.

Suicide and Society in India (Routledge/Asian Studies Association of Australia (ASAA) South Asian Series) Review

This is a remarkably well written and researched book. More so that there is such a dearth of matter on the subject in India. Its hard to find anything other than bland old epidemiological studies from the 1950's or health prevention / social activism type readings that urge us to curb this 'dreadful disease' without an understanding of the complex social underpinnings of suicide in India. The price is ridiculous. I don't see why backorder digital versions on relatively obscure topics should be this pricey.

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Super-Intelligent Machines (Ifsr International Series on Systems Science and Engineering)

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Super-Intelligent Machines combines neuroscience and computer science to analyze future intelligent machines. It describes how they will mimic the learning structures of human brains to serve billions of people via the network, and the superior level of consciousness this will give them. Whereas human learning is reinforced by self-interests, this book describes the selfless and compassionate values that must drive machine learning in order to protect human society. Technology will change life much more in the twenty-first century than it has in the twentieth, and Super-Intelligent Machines explains how that can be an advantage.

Super-Intelligent Machines (Ifsr International Series on Systems Science and Engineering) Review

Hibbard says we are entering another kind of Gotterdammerung--a birth of new gods. This is just another way of saying we will eventually build super-intelligent machines, ones that far surpass the intellectual capabilities of human beings in every sphere.

This book is well worth reading. However, I wouldn't put it in the same category as Ray Kurzweil's "The Age of Spiritual Machines". In terms of similar books, I think J. Storrs Hall's "Beyond A.I." has more to offer, as does Joel Garreau's book "Radical Evolution" (not specifically about super-intelligent machines). That said, I wish there were more books like this one on this topic. I'm glad I read "Super-intelligent Machines". In general, I trust Hibbard's basic exposition of the technological factors involved, but I found the book somewhat unsatisfying, mostly because I think Hibbard oversimplifies too many complex issues. Hibbard, a researcher in artificial intelligence, offers a clear sketch of coming technology, but he stumbles when discussing the philosophical issues involved in creating super-intelligent machines.

Those familiar with the idea of super-intelligent machines will see the basic territory covered, as Hibbard retreads much ground covered by Kurzweil and Hans Moravec. The book is as good a place to start as any for the person who hasn't even considered the possibility that there could be super-intelligent machines in the 21st Century. More than simply a rehashing of Kurzweil, "Super-intelligent Machines" offers some fresh perspectives on what the future might be like when this threshold is passed. If anything, Hibbard is too conservative about the implications of greater-than-human intelligence. One of the problems with writing a futurist book like this is that it may be impossible, in our current state, to comprehend what life will be like on the other side of that divide. So some of Hibbard's musings about future societies seem parochial. What would be useful would be some sustained argument and some creative extrapolations concerning the direction of our human-machine civilization in the next few decades. Too often, Hibbard makes declarations about the way the future will play out, while failing to take into account potential counter-arguments.

I was also hoping to see some thoughtful discussion of the philosophical issues involved in machine intelligence, something beyond Searle's Chinese Room thought experiment. Here I was disappointed, particularly by Hibbard's treatment of machine consciousness. In treating the question of whether super-intelligent machines will be conscious Hibbard writes: "The problem of consciousness has been fundamental in the development of human philosophy. Plato speculated that the external world is just an illusion, and that only our internal mental world is real. The dualism of Rene Descartes asserts that the gap between subjective and objective cannot be bridged. Understanding human consciousness in terms of the physical behavior of neurons will bridge this gap." I happen to believe something along the lines of what I think Hibbard is proposing (I think this bridging may come about as a consequence of super-intelligence); but his handling of this issue is less than deft. First of all, Plato did not hold that "only our internal mental world is real"--this would be a kind of idealism. And, although Descartes's interactionist dualist "solution" may be unsatisfactory, he averred that the subjective and the objective could be bridged by means of the pineal gland. The idea of an "explanatory gap", while indebted to Descartes, arises from 20th Century philosophy of mind; it is often credited to Joseph Levine. I can't help but feel there are other parts of the book that are also put forth in a somewhat unsophisticated fashion. These are minor faults, but they detract from the overall value of the enterprise.

Hibbard does make some important points. He points out that "the education of super-intelligent machines should be monitored by impartial (i.e. independent of the organizations building the machines) public representatives to make sure the machines are emotionally healthy and happy, with a good attitude toward serving people." (p.142). Although I think the use of phrases like "emotionally healthy and happy" smacks of anthropocentrism, the general point is right on. It is not OK for the first company/ government agency that designs a super-intelligent machine to police itself. It's too bad that there seem to be so few people who really grasp all the general technical issues involved (and I am not one of them). Hibbard is clearly someone familiar with the design of artificial intelligence, so his perspective is welcome. One omission is that Hibbard doesn't delve into the questions involved in developing so-called "friendly AI", or artificial intelligence which acts in accord with our highest ethical principles. But his point is well-taken: it doesn't make sense that we have hundreds of people overseeing the introduction of a blockbuster new drug, while it is scarily likely no one will oversee the creation of the first super-intelligent machine.

Hibbard is optimistic about the unfolding of super-intelligence. As he sees it, the benefits of building super-intelligent machines will be too attractive for humans to resist. He sees super-intelligent machines largely replacing the work of (unaugmented) human beings. This massive unemployment will lead governments to support the needs of everyone, perhaps by extending social security benefits to citizens as soon as they are born, as has been suggested by Hans Moravec.

Unfortunately, any book in this genre will be compared to the work of Ray Kurzweil, and in this comparison, I'm afraid Hibbard comes out behind. Kurzweil does a good job of laying out the big picture in "The Age of Spiritual Machines" and of giving a survey of the details in "The Singularity is Near". Hibbard seems too often to settle for pronouncements about the way that things will turn out, and these pronouncements don't seem to have the requisite arguments supporting them. Nonetheless, the book is a quick and interesting read.

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Symbolic Analysis and Reduction of VLSI Circuits

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Symbolic analysis is an intriguing topic in VLSI designs.

The analysis methods are crucial for the applications to the parasitic reduction and analog circuit evaluation. However, analyzing circuits symbolically remains a challenging research issue. Therefore, in this book, we survey the recent results as the progress of on-going works rather than as the solution of the field.

For parasitic reduction, we approximate a huge amount of electrical parameters into a simplified RLC network. This reduction allows us to handle very large integrated circuits with given memory capacity and CPU time. A symbolic analysis approach reduces the circuit according to the network topology. Thus, the designer can maintain the meaning of the original network and perform the analysis hierarchically.

For analog circuit designs, symbolic analysis provides the relation between the tunable parameters and the characteristics of the circuit. The analysis allows us to optimize the circuit behavior.

The book is divided into three parts. Part I touches on the basics of circuit analysis in time domain and in s domain. For an s domain expression, the Taylor's expansion with s approaching infinity is equivalent to the time domain solution after the inverse Laplace transform. On the other hand, the Taylor's expansion when s approaches zero derives the moments of the output responses in time domain.

Part II focuses on the techniques for parasitic reduction.

In Chapter 2, we present the approximation methods to match

the first few moments with reduced circuit orders.

In Chapter 3, we apply the Y-Delta transformation to reduce the dynamic linear network. The method finds the exact values of the low order coefficients of the numerator and denominator of the transfer function and thus matches part of the moments. In Chapter 4, we handle two major issues of the Y-Delta

transformation: common factors in fractional expressions and round-off errors. Chapter 5 explains the stability of the reduced expression, in particular the Ruth-Hurwitz Criterion. We make an effort to describe the proof of the Criterion because the details are omitted in most of the contemporary textbooks. In Chapter 6, we present techniques to synthesize circuits to approximate the reduced expressions after the transformation.

In Part III, we discuss symbolic generation of the determinants and cofactors for the application to analog designs. In Chapter 7, we depict the classical topological analysis approach. In Chapter 8, we describe a determinant decision diagram approach that exploits the sparsity of the matrix to accelerate the computation. In Chapter 9, we take only significant terms when we search through

determinant decision diagram to approximate the solution.

In Chapter 10, we extend the determinant decision diagram

to a hierarchical model. The construction of the modules through the hierarchy is similar to the Y-Delta transformation in the sense that a byproduct of common factors appears in the numerator and denominator. Therefore, we describe the method to prune the common factors.

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Symbolic Analysis and Reduction of VLSI Circuits Review

The book is a good write-up on latest development of symbolic analysis. The approaches in the book can be easily integrated into commercial EDA tools.

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Syrian Desert (Kegan Paul Arabia Library)

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Product Description

First Published in 2007, Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Syrian Desert (Kegan Paul Arabia Library) Review

Christina Phelps Grant drew upon Roman, Greek, Byzantine, Arabic, and Western sources to produce this splendidly researched volume about the Syrian Desert. I took a copy of this book to Syria 15 years ago and relied on it to plan a trip along the track (now paved) from Palmyra to Resafa. In spite of the publishing date of 1936, it still contains much that is relevant to the Middle East of today. This is a wonderful combination of history, geography, travel, and adventure, recounted in an optimistic and thoroughly engaging style of writing.

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